As lawmakers return to work after their August recess, Hurricane Harvey has increased expectations on Congress to quickly pass disaster-relief tax breaks. September is also expected to bring Congressional hearings on tax reform and possibly the unveiling of tax reform legislation. At the same time, lawmakers must address the federal government’s budget, including the IRS.

As lawmakers return to work after their August recess, Hurricane Harvey has increased expectations on Congress to quickly pass disaster-relief tax breaks. September is also expected to bring Congressional hearings on tax reform and possibly the unveiling of tax reform legislation. At the same time, lawmakers must address the federal government’s budget, including the IRS.

Disaster relief

After Hurricane Katrina, Congress passed an extensive disaster relief package, which included many tax provisions. Lawmakers took similar action after Hurricane Sandy a few years ago. Congress is expected to take up a Hurricane Harvey disaster relief plan in coming weeks.

If a Hurricane Harvey bill resembles past disaster relief acts, affected taxpayers could see relaxed casualty loss rules, expanded expensing and more generous depreciation. Past disaster relief laws have also enhanced some tax credits, such as the rehabilitation credit, the low-income housing credit and the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) to encourage rebuilding and hiring. For individuals, Congress could waive the penalty for early distributions from IRAs and certain retirement plans for hurricane-related distributions. These were some of the incentives Congress passed after Hurricane Katrina. A Hurricane Harvey relief bill could include these and/or different incentives. Our office will keep you posted of developments.

Meanwhile, the IRS has announced help for affected taxpayers. The IRS postponed various tax filing and payment deadlines that occurred starting on August 23, 2017. As a result, affected individuals and businesses will have until January 31, 2018, to file returns and pay any taxes that were originally due during this period. In addition, the IRS is waiving late-deposit penalties for federal payroll and excise tax deposits normally due on or after August 23, 2017 and before September 7, 2017 if the deposits are made by September 7, 2017.

The IRS automatically provides filing and penalty relief to any taxpayer with an IRS address of record located in the disaster area. The IRS will also work with any taxpayer who lives outside the disaster area but whose records necessary to meet a deadline occurring during the postponement period are located in the affected area. Please contact our office if you have any questions.

Tax reform

Before their August recess, GOP leaders in the House and Senate, along with senior administration officials, outlined their ideas for tax reform. The lawmakers and White House staff said that tax reform legislation would originate in the House and Senate tax writing committees (the House Ways and Means Committee and the Senate Finance Committee). They also predicted that tax reform would lower and consolidate the individual tax rates, reduce the corporate income tax, and repeal the federal estate tax. However, the lawmakers were short on details. More information is expected to be gleaned as the tax writing committees hold hearings.

Several lawmakers have called for a bipartisan approach to tax reform. “It is going to take Democrats and Republicans getting together, putting aside their differences,” Senate Finance Committee (SFC) Chair Orrin Hatch, R-Utah, said. Hatch’s comments were shared by SFC Ranking Member Ron Wyden, D-Oregon. “In 1986, Republicans worked with Democrats from the get-go and knew that a long-term, bipartisan solution was necessary to create jobs and grow the economy,” Wyden said.

IRS funding

The federal government’s current fiscal year (FY) ends September 30. In his FY 2018 budget, President Trump proposed to cut the IRS’s budget for FY 2018. In past years, the Senate has restored some of the proposed funding cuts and the same scenario could play out this year, especially with IRS funding for cybersecurity and customer service.

Further, a bill drafted by the House Appropriations Committee would prevent the IRS from using any appropriations to "implement or enforce" the Affordable Care Act’s individual mandate requiring minimum essential coverage. The ACA generally requires individuals to have minimum essential health coverage or make a shared responsibility payment, unless exempt.

Parents incur a variety of expenses associated with children. As a general rule, personal expenditures are not deductible. However, there are several deductions and credits that help defray some of the costs associated with raising children, including some costs related to education. Some of the most common deductions and credits related to minors are the dependency exemption, the child tax credit, and the dependent care credit. Also not to be overlooked are tax-sheltered savings plans used for education, such as the Coverdell Education Savings Accounts (ESAs).

Parents incur a variety of expenses associated with children. As a general rule, personal expenditures are not deductible. However, there are several deductions and credits that help defray some of the costs associated with raising children, including some costs related to education. Some of the most common deductions and credits related to minors are the dependency exemption, the child tax credit, and the dependent care credit. Also not to be overlooked are tax-sheltered savings plans used for education, such as the Coverdell Education Savings Accounts (ESAs).

Dependency exemption. The dependency exemption is a type of deduction that is available for children and other qualifying dependents, subject to phase out if the taxpayer's adjusted gross income (AGI) exceeds prescribed threshold amounts. The amount of the personal exemption, adjusted for inflation, is $4,050 for tax years beginning in 2016 and 2017. The dependency exemption is available for each qualifying child under the age of 19 (under the age of 24 if a full-time student) and with no age restriction for a qualifying individual who is permanently and totally disabled. For 2017, the personal exemption begins to phase out for joint filers starting at $313,800 AGI and completely phasing out at $436,300 AGI ($261,500 and $384,000, respectively for single filers).

Child credit. The child tax credit is available for parents of qualifying children under the age of 17. The credit amount is $1,000 per qualifying child, but once again is subject to phase out if the taxpayer's AGI exceeds prescribed threshold amounts. The phaseout of the child tax credit starts at $110,000 of modified AGI (for unmarried taxpayers, it starts at $75,000). These thresholds are not adjusted for inflation.

Dependent care credit. The dependent care credit may be available to working parents for qualifying children under the age of 13, or for dependents who are physically or mentally incapable of self care. This credit is available not only for direct employment-related expenses that take place at home, but also child-care expenses for tuition paid for pre-K programs, as well as fees paid for after-school activities that double as child care. The dependent care credit is a percentage of eligible work-related expenses. The percentage goes down as adjusted gross income (AGI) goes up. The maximum amount of eligible expenses is $3,000 for taxpayers with one qualifying individual, and $6,000 for taxpayers with two or more qualifying individuals.

The amount of the credit is further determined by multiplying work-related expenses by the “applicable percentage,” which is 35 percent reduced by one percentage point for each $2,000 by which AGI for the tax year exceeds $15,000. However, the applicable percentage cannot go below 20 percent (for those with AGI over $43,000). Thus, the maximum dependent care credit amount overall is $1,050 for one qualifying dependent and $2,100 for two or more qualifying dependents. For those with income above $43,000, the maximum credit for $3,000 of qualifying expenses is $600. Finally, the amount of the employment-related expenses taken into account in calculating the credit may not exceed the lesser of the taxpayer's earned income or the earned income of his spouse if the taxpayer is married at the end of the tax year.

Coverdell education savings accounts. Two education savings entities let individuals pay for education on a tax-favored basis: a Coverdell Education Savings Account (Coverdell ESA or ESA) and a qualified tuition program (QTP, also referred to as a Code Sec. 529 plan). In contrast to Sec. 529 plans, which can only be used to cover college expenses, ESAs can cover expenses from kindergarten through college.

Individuals may open a Coverdell ESA to help pay for the qualified education expenses of a designated beneficiary. Contributions to a Coverdell ESA must be made in cash and are not deductible. In addition, the maximum annual contribution that can be made is limited to $2,000 a year. The annual contribution is phased out for joint filers with modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) at or above $190,000 and less than $220,000 (at or above $95,000 and less than $110,000 for single filers).

Distributions from Coverdell ESAs are not included in the income of the donor or the beneficiary, as long as payouts do not exceed the beneficiary's adjusted qualified education expenses. For purposes of excludable distributions from an ESA, qualified elementary and secondary school expenses (kindergarten through grade 12), include the following costs:

• expenses for tuition, fees, academic tutoring, services for beneficiaries with special needs, books, supplies, and other equipment that are incurred in connection with the designated beneficiary's enrollment or attendance at a public, private or religious school;
• expenses for room and board, uniforms, transportation, and supplementary items and services (including extended day programs) that are required or provided by the school in connection with enrollment or attendance; and
• expenses for the purchase of computer technology or equipment or internet access and related services that will be used by the beneficiary and the beneficiary’s family during any of the years the beneficiary is in school. This category does not include software designed for sports, games or hobbies unless it is predominantly educational in nature.

Medical expense deduction. For parents who itemize deductions, medical and dental costs paid for their children may be deductible.

If you have any questions regarding tax breaks associated with child care or education expenses, please contact our office.

Two recent court cases indicate that, although use of a conservation easement to gain a charitable deduction must continue to be arranged with care, some flexibility in determining ultimate deductibility may be beginning to be easier to come by. The IRS had been winning a string of cases that affirmed its strict interpretation of Internal Revenue Code Section 170 on conservation easement. The two latest judicial opinions, however, help give taxpayers some much-needed leeway in proving that the rules were followed, keeping in mind that Congress wanted to encourage conservation easements rather than have its rules interpreted so strictly that they thwart that purpose.

Two recent court cases indicate that, although use of a conservation easement to gain a charitable deduction must continue to be arranged with care, some flexibility in determining ultimate deductibility may be beginning to be easier to come by. The IRS had been winning a string of cases that affirmed its strict interpretation of Internal Revenue Code Section 170 on conservation easement. The two latest judicial opinions, however, help give taxpayers some much-needed leeway in proving that the rules were followed, keeping in mind that Congress wanted to encourage conservation easements rather than have its rules interpreted so strictly that they thwart that purpose.

In the first case, the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit found that a homesite adjustment provision did not prevent a conservation easement from satisfying the perpetuity requirement of Code Sec. 170 that controls charitable deductions. Modifications (or "tweaks as the court characterized them) would not violate the perpetuity requirement.

In the second case, a taxpayer satisfied the substantiation requirements for a charitable contribution of an easement to a landmark preservation council. Although the taxpayer had not received from the donee organization a timely letter that could have acted as a contemporaneous written acknowledgment, the Tax Court considered the deed of easement a good enough de facto qualified acknowledgment.

Comment. The first decision potentially opens up many more vacation-type properties on large tracts of land to be more susceptible to a "win-win" in terms of a charitable tax deduction for the homeowner and preserved acreage for the community. The second decision gives some flexibility to the rules on “contemporaneous” substantiation.

What Happened?

In the first case (BC Ranch II, L.P., CA-5, August 11, 2017), the taxpayer owned some 1,800 acres of land in Texas. The taxpayer donated a conservation easement to a tax-exempt organization. The easement aimed to protect the habitat for certain birds and to preserve the watershed, scenic vistas, and mature forest. The easement gave the grantee, its successors and assigns, perpetual easements in gross over the conservation areas, subjecting the property to a series of covenants and restrictions that prohibited most residential, commercial, industrial, and agricultural uses. The easement also included a boundary modification provision, affecting certain five-acre homesite parcels. The IRS disallowed the purported charitable deduction for the conservation easement. The Tax Court had found that the conservation easement was not given in perpetuity because the five-acre homesite parcels could be changed to include property within the easement.

In the second case (310 Retail, LLC, TC Memo 2017-164), the taxpayer (an LLC) donated a façade easement (also considered a “conservation easement”) in connection with an historic building in downtown Chicago. On audit, the IRS disallowed a $26 million charitable deduction by the taxpayer on the grounds that a contemporaneous written acknowledgment within the meaning of Code Sec. 170 was not provided. Although the LLC did not receive from the donee organization a timely letter of the sort that normally acts as a “contemporaneous written acknowledgment,” the taxpayer claimed that it nevertheless satisfied the statutory substantiation requirements, pointing to the deed of easement that the donee organization executed contemporaneously with the gift.

Courts’ Analysis

Rearranging parcels. The Fifth Circuit found that the easement in this case was different from the easement in Belk, a prior Tax Court case upon which the IRS was relying. The easement in Belk could be moved to a tract or tracts of land entirely different and remote from the property originally covered by that easement. The easement in this case did not allow any change in the exterior boundaries or acreage. "Neither the exterior boundaries nor the total acreage of the instant easements will ever change: Only the lot lines of one or more of the five-acre homesite parcels are potentially subject to change and then only within the easements and with the grantee’s consent," the court found.

Contemporaneous acknowledgement. The Tax Court in its case found that the deed of easement constituted a contemporaneous written acknowledgment sufficient to substantiate the taxpayer’s gift because it was properly executed and recorded. The Court also found that the deed also sufficiently included what should be considered “an affirmative indication that the donee organization had supplied no goods or services to the taxpayer in exchange for its gift.” The deed explicitly stated that it represented the parties’ "entire agreement" and, thus, negated the provision or receipt of any consideration not stated in that deed.

A partnership is created when persons join together with the intent to conduct unincorporated venture and share profits. Intent is determined from facts and circumstances, including the division of profits and losses, the ownership of capital, the conduct of parties, and whether a written agreement exists. Despite such nuances in the process, however, distinguishing the existence of a partnership from other joint investments or ventures is often critical in determining tax liability and reporting obligations.

A partnership is created when persons join together with the intent to conduct unincorporated venture and share profits. Intent is determined from facts and circumstances, including the division of profits and losses, the ownership of capital, the conduct of parties, and whether a written agreement exists. Despite such nuances in the process, however, distinguishing the existence of a partnership from other joint investments or ventures is often critical in determining tax liability and reporting obligations.

The factors often considered in the determination of whether the participants in an enterprise intended to form a partnership include:

1. the existence of an oral or written agreement between the parties;
2. the contribution by the participants of capital, property or services;
3. the sharing of profits and/or losses;
4. any mutual control over the business;
5. the joint conduct of the business; and
6. the filing of partnership returns or representations to third parties that the participants are partners.

The presence or absence of these factors is weighed in distinguishing partners in a partnership from other business relationships. Thus, co-ownership of property may be a partnership depending on the owners' intent, the manner in which the property is held and the other facts and circumstances of the arrangement including a profit motive. Other arrangements may or may not be treated as partnerships depending upon whether the requisite intent and circumstances are present. These include:

• lessor-lessee relationships (normally, this does not make the lessor and lessee partners for tax purposes, unless the lessor also exercises control over the lessee's business beyond that necessary to protect his investment and assure the lessee's continuing ability to pay rent);
• employment or independent contractor relationships (an employment or independent contractor relationship might be characterized for tax purposes as a partnership when a person both provides services to and shares in the profits of the enterprise);
• debtor-creditor relationships (although a debtor-creditor relationship generally does not establish the existence of a partnership, an advance of funds may be treated as a contribution to the capital of, or an acquisition of an equity interest in, a partnership rather than as a loan);
• purchaser-seller relationships (a purported sale may be treated as a partnership between the seller and buyer if the terms of sale grant the seller a right to receive a share of the future profits generated by the business or asset being sold, and the seller has a continuing proprietary interest in the business or asset).

Gross income is taxed to the individual who earns it or to owner of property that generates the income. Under the so-called “assignment of income doctrine,” a taxpayer may not avoid tax by assigning the right to income to another.

Gross income is taxed to the individual who earns it or to owner of property that generates the income. Under the so-called “assignment of income doctrine,” a taxpayer may not avoid tax by assigning the right to income to another.

Specifically, the assignment of income doctrine holds that a taxpayer who earns income from services that the taxpayer performs or property that the taxpayer owns generally cannot avoid liability for tax on that income by assigning it to another person or entity. The doctrine is frequently applied to assignments to creditors, controlled entities, family trusts and charities.

A taxpayer cannot, for tax purposes, assign income that has already accrued from property the taxpayer owns. This aspect of the assignment of income doctrine is often applied to interest, dividends, rents, royalties, and trust income. And, under the same rationale, an assignment of an interest in a lottery ticket is effective only if it occurs before the ticket is ascertained to be a winning ticket.

However, a taxpayer can shift liability for capital gains on property not yet sold by making a bona fide gift of the underlying property. In that case, the donee of a gift of securities takes the “carryover” basis of the donor.  For example, shares now valued at $50 gifted to a donee in which the donor has a tax basis of $10, would yield a taxable gain to the donee of its eventual sale price less the $10 carryover basis. The donor escapes income tax on any of the appreciation.

As an individual or business, it is your responsibility to be aware of and to meet your tax filing/reporting deadlines. This calendar summarizes important federal tax reporting and filing data for individuals, businesses and other taxpayers for the month of September 2017.

As an individual or business, it is your responsibility to be aware of and to meet your tax filing/reporting deadlines. This calendar summarizes important federal tax reporting and filing data for individuals, businesses and other taxpayers for the month of September 2017.

September 1

Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for Aug 26–Aug 29.

September 7

Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for Aug 30–Sep 1.

September 8

Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for Sep 2–Sep 5.

September 11

Employees who work for tips. Employees who received $20 or more in tips during August must report them to their employer using Form 4070.

September 13

Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for Sep 6–Sep 8.

September 15

Employers. For those to whom the monthly deposit rule applies, deposit employment taxes and nonpayroll withholding for payments in August.

Corporations. Corporations deposit the third installment of estimated tax for 2017.

Individuals. Individuals deposit the third installment of 2017 estimated tax.

Corporations. S Corporations with 6-month extensions file 2016 1120S and pay tax due.

Partnerships. Partnerships with 5-month extensions file 2016 Form 1065.

Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for Sep 9–Sep 12.

September 20

Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for Sep 13–Sep 15.

September 22

Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for Sep 16–Sep 19.

September 27

Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for Sep 20–Sep 22.

September 29

Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for Sep 23–Sep 26.

October 4

Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for Sep 27–Sep 29.

October 6

Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for Sep 30–Oct 3.

Tax season is scheduled to begin shortly and, as in past years, there are some possible glitches to be mindful of. Already, the IRS has alerted taxpayers that the start of filing season will be delayed. Late tax legislation, although unlikely, could result in a further delay. Some new requirements under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act have been waived for 2014, but others have not. The IRS also is facing the prospect of another government shutdown in January.

Tax season is scheduled to begin shortly and, as in past years, there are some possible glitches to be mindful of. Already, the IRS has alerted taxpayers that the start of filing season will be delayed. Late tax legislation, although unlikely, could result in a further delay. Some new requirements under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act have been waived for 2014, but others have not. The IRS also is facing the prospect of another government shutdown in January.

Filing season

In recent years, the IRS has had to delay the start of the filing season to reprogram its return processing systems for changes in the tax laws. The 2014 filing season will also be delayed but not, as of today, because of new tax laws. The IRS operated with minimal staffing during the 16-day government shutdown in October and fell behind in its scheduled maintenance and programming of its return processing systems because employees were furloughed. At this time, the IRS expects the 2014 filing season to be delayed for possibly two weeks.

Before the shutdown, the IRS had anticipated opening the 2014 filing season on January 21, 2014. With a one- to two-week delay, the IRS would start accepting and processing returns no earlier than January 28, 2014 and no later than February 4, 2014. Individuals who file early in anticipation of receiving a refund will likely see their refunds delayed. The IRS is expected to make a final determination on the start date of the 2014 filing season in mid-December. Our office will keep you posted of developments.

Taxpayers are also waiting on some important final forms for the 2014 filing season, including Form 8960, Net Investment Income Tax. The Affordable Care Act created the new 3.8 tax on qualified net investment income, effective January 1, 2013. Additionally, the IRS has indicated that more guidance will be available for married same-sex couples. Since publication of the IRS's initial guidance, questions have surfaced concerning employee benefits, return filing and other issues affecting married same-sex couples and domestic partners (whom the IRS does not treat as married). Late-year guidance on either the 3.8 percent net investment income tax or same-sex tax issues may require last-minute changes in year-end tax strategies.

Another shutdown possible

The IRS is currently operating under a stop-gap funding measure, which ended the government shutdown in October. Funding under the stop-gap measure is scheduled to lapse after January 15, 2014. A House-Senate budget conference committee is attempting to reconcile competing fiscal year (FY) 2014 budget bills. So far, lawmakers appear to have made little progress.

A mid-January shutdown could further delay the start of the filing season. In a November 18 letter to IRS Acting Commissioner Daniel Werfel, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) expressed concern that another government shutdown would result in a huge strain on taxpayers and tax professionals trying to timely file and report their income taxes by April 15. "The IRS keeping more essential positions working during January would help make the already delayed filing season operate as smoothly as possible," the AICPA told Werfel. The AICPA also recommended that the Taxpayer Advocate Service, which closed during the October shutdown, remain open in the event of another lapse in appropriations.

Tax legislation

Although many tax bills have been introduced in Congress, 2013 is likely to end without lawmakers tackling comprehensive tax reform. The House Ways and Means Committee and the Senate Finance Committee have both prepared discussion drafts on tax reform, covering a host of tax issues. One possible reason for the lack of movement of tax reform appears to be lukewarm interest, at best, from the House and Senate leaders. This could change in 2014 but it is too early to make any predictions.

One path for tax reform could be the House-Senate budget conference committee. However, as mentioned, the committee has not yet produced any concrete proposals. Several lawmakers have recommended that the committee strike a deal to lower corporate tax rates in exchange for businesses giving up unspecified tax breaks. Many Republicans want to keep scheduled across-the-board spending cuts in place for 2014 and beyond; many Democrats want to replace the spending cuts with new revenue raisers. The conference committee has a mid-December deadline to reach an agreement.

A package of so-called tax extenders-popular but temporary tax incentives-could move before year-end but more likely will be taken up by Congress early next year. Unlike last year, the expiring incentives do not affect 2013 returns filed in 2014. Eligible taxpayers will be able to claim the state and local sales tax deduction, the higher education tuition deduction, the teachers' classroom expense deduction, home energy tax breaks, and many others on their 2013 returns. If you have any questions about the expiring incentives, please contact our office.

Affordable Care Act

Starting January 1, 2014, the Affordable Care Act requires individuals to carry minimum essential health insurance (unless they are exempt) or make a shared responsibility payment. Tax credits and cost-sharing also kick-in next year. At this time, it appears unlikely that the Obama administration will delay the individual mandate. The employer mandate, however, is delayed. Employer reporting (and reporting by some insurers) will not apply until 2015, but is optional for 2014. Generally, employer reporting applies to employers with at least 50 full-time employees on business days during the preceding calendar year.

November was dominated by news of technical troubles for the online Affordable Care Act Marketplaces and the cancellation of some individual insurance policies that did not meet new standards. The White House has made getting the online Marketplaces running at 100 percent a priority and also gave states the option of allowing individuals to re-enroll in coverage that would otherwise be terminated. The fix is temporary and individuals will need to find alternative coverage for 2015 and beyond. Small businesses also may have received cancellation notices and should be exploring alternative coverage.

If you have any questions about year-end tax developments, please contact our office.

The IRS has made several changes to its examination (aka, "audit") functions that are designed to expedite the process and relieve some burden on business taxpayers. These include the expansion of the Fast Track Settlement (FTS) program for small business, self-employed (SB/SE) taxpayers and a new process for issuing information document requests (IDRs) in large case audits.

The IRS has made several changes to its examination (aka, "audit") functions that are designed to expedite the process and relieve some burden on business taxpayers. These include the expansion of the Fast Track Settlement (FTS) program for small business, self-employed (SB/SE) taxpayers and a new process for issuing information document requests (IDRs) in large case audits.

Fast Track Settlement

The IRS launched the FTS program in 2005 to help small business taxpayers expedite case resolution. Small business FTS is modeled on a similar program for taxpayers in the IRS Large Business and International (LB&I) Division.

The goal of small business FTS is to complete cases within 60 days of their acceptance into the program. Under FTS, taxpayers under examination with issues in dispute work directly with IRS representatives from SB/SE's Examination Division and Appeals to resolve those issues. An Appeals Officer, trained in mediation, serves as a neutral party and employs dispute resolution techniques to facilitate settlement between the parties.

Application. To request to participate in small business FTS, the taxpayer and the SB/SE Group Manager submit Form 14017, Application for Fast Track Settlement. The taxpayer or the IRS examination representative may initiate Fast Track for eligible cases, usually before a 30-day letter is issued.

If the case is accepted and an agreement is reached, the IRS will use established issue or case closing procedures and applicable agreement forms, including preparation of a Form 906 specific matters closing agreement, if appropriate. If the case is not accepted the IRS explained that SB/SE or Appeals will inform the taxpayer of the basis for this decision and discuss other dispute resolution opportunities.

Qualifying issues. Small business FTS is generally available if:

• Issues are fully developed;
• The taxpayer has stated a position in writing or filed a small case request for cases in which the total amount for any tax period is less than $25,000; and
• There are a limited number of unagreed issues.

Small business FTS is unavailable for Collection Appeals Program, Collection Due Process, Offer-In-Compromise and Trust Fund Recovery cases, except as provided in any guidance issued by the IRS; correspondence examination cases worked solely in a Campus/Service Center site; and cases in which the taxpayer has failed to respond to IRS communications.

Information Document Requests

The IRS Large Business & International (LB&I) Division has issued a new directive (LB&I-04-1113-009) that expands on an earlier directive from in June (LB&I-04-0613-004) by itemizing the requirements for IRS agents preparing information document requests (IDRs). The new directive also outlines the mandatory three-part enforcement process for taxpayers that do not timely respond to an IDR. While IDRs are common for large business taxpayers, the IRS also uses them in auditing certain small business issues.

June directive. The original June 2013 directive set forth general principles and several mandatory actions that examiners must take while issuing IDRs. These principles are reiterated in the November directive.

The June directive also provided that IDRs issued after June 30, 2013 must comply with these principles. In particular, the IRS reported that the mandatory training emphasized that employees must focus their IDRs on specific issues relevant to the exam. IRS employees are required to discuss the IDRs and issues with the taxpayer, as well as what would be an appropriate deadline for the response to the request. The deadline must fall within a "reasonable timeframe" and be "mutually agreed upon." If the examiner does not receive a response by this date, and the IDR otherwise met the requirements listed under the directive, the case will proceed into the enforcement process outlined in the new directive from November 2013.

November directive. If a taxpayer does not respond to the IRS by the date indicated in the IDR, the case must proceed to the graduated, three-step enforcement process outlined in Attachment 2 of the November directive. This process, assuming the taxpayer could not respond to the IDRs by the dates specified at each step, would involve first a delinquency notice, then a pre-summons letter, and finally a summons.

The IRS has recently promoted the revised IDR enforcement process as a "win-win" for both the IRS and taxpayers. However, some practitioners have expressed concerns that the rigid deadlines in the new enforcement process will have the opposite effect and result in more summonses being issued. Practitioners recommend that taxpayers proactively involve themselves in the initial IDR process to ensure that the IDR, once issued, provides them with enough time to supply the requested information.

If you have questions relating to the IRS's new FTS or IDR programs, please contact our offices.

As an individual or business, it is your responsibility to be aware of and to meet your tax filing/reporting deadlines. This calendar summarizes important tax reporting and filing data for individuals, businesses and other taxpayers for the month of December 2013.

As an individual or business, it is your responsibility to be aware of and to meet your tax filing/reporting deadlines. This calendar summarizes important tax reporting and filing data for individuals, businesses and other taxpayers for the month of December 2013.

December 2
Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for payroll date November 23-26.

December 4
Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for payroll date November 27-29.

December 6
Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for payroll dates November 30-December 3.

December 10
Employees who work for tips. Employees who received $20 or more in tips during November must report them to their employer using Form 4070.

December 11
Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for payroll dates December 4-6.

December 13
Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for payroll dates December 7-10.

December 16
Corporations. Deposit the fourth installment of estimated income tax for 2013, using Form 1120W.

December 18
Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for payroll dates December 11-13.

December 20
Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for payroll dates December 14-17.

December 26
Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for payroll dates December 18-20.

December 30
Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for payroll dates December 21-24.

January 2
Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for payroll dates December 25-27.

January 3
Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for payroll dates December 28-31.

Despite the 16-day government shutdown in October, a number of important developments took place impacting the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, especially for individuals and businesses. The Small Business Health Option Program (SHOP) was temporarily delayed, Congress took a closer look at income verification for the Code Sec. 36B premium assistance tax credit, and held a hearing on the Affordable Care Act's employer mandate. Individuals trying to enroll in coverage through HealthCare.gov also experienced some technical problems in October.

Despite the 16-day government shutdown in October, a number of important developments took place impacting the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, especially for individuals and businesses. The Small Business Health Option Program (SHOP) was temporarily delayed, Congress took a closer look at income verification for the Code Sec. 36B premium assistance tax credit, and held a hearing on the Affordable Care Act's employer mandate. Individuals trying to enroll in coverage through HealthCare.gov also experienced some technical problems in October.

SHOP

The Affordable Care Act created two vehicles to deliver health insurance: Marketplaces for individuals and the SHOP for small businesses. Marketplaces launched as scheduled on October 1 in every state and the District of Columbia. Qualified individuals can enroll in a Marketplace to obtain health insurance. Coverage through a Marketplace will begin January 1, 2014.

The October 1 start of SHOP, however, was delayed. Small employers may start the application process on October 1, 2013 but all functions of SHOP will not be available until November, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) reported. If employers and employees enroll by December 15, 2013, coverage will begin January 1, 2014, HHS explained.

SHOP is closely related to the Code Sec. 45R small employer health insurance tax credit. This tax credit is designed to help small employers offset the cost of providing health insurance to their employees. After 2013, small employers must participate in SHOP to take advantage of the Code Sec. 45R tax credit. For tax years beginning during or after 2014, the maximum Code Sec. 45R credit for an eligible small employer (other than a tax-exempt employer) is 50 percent of the employer's premium payments made on behalf of its employees under a qualifying arrangement for QHPs offered through a SHOP Marketplace. The maximum credit for tax-exempt employers for those years is 35 percent. Maximum and minimum credits are based upon the level of employee wages. If you have any questions about SHOP and the Code Sec. 45R credit, please contact our office.

Code Sec. 36B tax credit

Effective January 1, 2014, qualified individuals may be eligible for the Code Sec. 36B premium assistance tax credit to help pay for health coverage through a Marketplace. The credit is linked to household income in relation to the federal poverty line (FPL). Generally, taxpayers whose household income for the year is between 100 percent and 400 percent of the federal poverty line for their family size may be eligible for the credit.

When taxpayers apply for coverage in a Marketplace, the Marketplace will estimate the amount of the Code Sec. 36B credit that the taxpayer may be able to claim for the tax year. Based upon the estimate made by the Marketplace, the individual can decide if he or she wants to have all, some, or none of the estimated credit paid in advance directly to the insurance company to be applied to monthly premiums. Taxpayers who do not opt for advance payment may claim the credit when they file their federal income tax return for the year.

The October 16 agreement to reopen the federal government directed HHS to certify to Congress that Marketplaces verify eligibility for the Code Sec. 36B credit. HHS must submit a report to Congress by January 1, 2014 on the procedures for verifying eligibility for the credit and follow-up with a report by July 1, 2014 on the effectiveness of its income verification procedures.

Employer mandate

The Affordable Care Act generally requires an applicable large employer to make an assessable payment (a penalty) if the employer fails to offer minimum essential health coverage and a number of other requirements are not met. The employer mandate was scheduled to take effect January 1, 2014. However, the Obama administration delayed it for an additional year, to 2015.

In October, the House Small Business Committee heard testimony on the definition of full-time employee status for purposes of the employer mandate. An applicable large employer for purposes of the employer mandate is an employer that employs at least 50 full-time employees or a combination of full-time and part-time employees that equals at least 50. A full-time employee with respect to any month is an employee who is employed on average at least 30 hours of service per week.

Employers testifying before the GOP-chaired committee urged an increase in the 30-hour threshold. "Many small businesses simply cannot afford to provide coverage to employees who average 30 hours per week," the owner of a supermarket told the committee. "Business owners will have to make tough choices and many part-time employees will face reduced hours," he added. "Many franchise businesses are being turned upside down by the new costs, complexities and requirements of the law," another business owner told the committee.

Legislation (HR 2575) has been introduced in the House to repeal the 30-hour threshold for classification as a full-time equivalent employee for purposes of the employer mandate and to replace it with 40 hours. The bill has been referred to the House Ways and Means Committee.

HealthCare.gov

As has been widely reported, the individuals seeking to enroll in Marketplace coverage through HealthCare.gov experienced some online problems in October. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has undertaken a comprehensive review of HealthCare.gov. In the meantime, HHS reminded individuals that in-person assistance centers are open as are customer call centers.

Enrollment

The Affordable Care Act generally requires individuals to carry health insurance after 2013 or make a shared responsibility payment (also known as a penalty). For 2014, the penalty is $95 or the flat fee of one percent of taxable income, $325 in 2015 or the flat fee of two percent of taxable income, $695 in 2016 or 2.5 percent of taxable income (the $695 amount is indexed for inflation after 2016).

Open enrollment in the Affordable Care Act's Marketplaces began October 1, 2013 and runs through March 31, 2014. The enrollment period overlaps with the January 1, 2014 requirement to carry health insurance or make a shared responsibility payment. On social media, the Obama administration clarified that individuals who enroll in coverage through a Marketplace at anytime during the enrollment period will not be responsible for a penalty.

If you have any questions about these developments or the Affordable Care Act in general, please contact our office.

A child with earned income above a certain level is generally required to file a separate tax return as a single taxpayer. However, a child with a certain amount of unearned income (from investments, including dividends, interest, and capital gains) may find that this income becomes subject to tax at his or her parent's highest marginal tax rate. This is referred to as the "kiddie tax," and it is designed to prevent parents from transferring income-producing investments to their children, who would generally be taxed at a lower rate.

A child with earned income above a certain level is generally required to file a separate tax return as a single taxpayer. However, a child with a certain amount of unearned income (from investments, including dividends, interest, and capital gains) may find that this income becomes subject to tax at his or her parent's highest marginal tax rate. This is referred to as the "kiddie tax," and it is designed to prevent parents from transferring income-producing investments to their children, who would generally be taxed at a lower rate.

Does the kiddie tax apply to my situation?

The kiddie tax applies if:

1. The child has investment income greater than the annual inflation-adjusted amount ($1,900 for 2013; $2,000 for 2014);
2. At least one of the child's parents was alive at the end of the tax year;
3. The child is required to file a tax return for the tax year;
4. The child does not file a joint return for the tax year; and
5. The child meets one of the following requirements relating to age and income:
• The child was under age 18 at the end of the tax year; or
• The child was age 18 at the end of the tax year and the child's earned income does not exceed one-half of the child's own support for the year; or
• The child was a full-time student who was under age 24 at the end of the tax year and the child's earned income does not exceed one half of the child's own support for the year (This does not include scholarships.)

Computing the kiddie tax

If the kiddie tax applies to a child, the child's tax is calculated as the greater of one of two items:

1. The tax on all of the child's income, calculated at the rates applicable to single individuals; or
2. The sum of two things:
• The tax that would be imposed on a single individual if the child's taxable income were reduced by net unearned income, plus
• The child's share of the allocable parental tax.

The allocable parent tax is the amount of the increase in the parent's tax liability that results from adding to the parent's taxable income the net unearned income of the parent's children who are subject to the kiddie tax. If a parent has more than one child with unearned income subject to the kiddie tax, then each child's share of the allocable parental tax would be assigned pro rata according to the ratio that its net unearned income bears to the aggregate net unearned income subject to the kiddie tax.

Which tax form should I use?

A parent with a child or children whose unearned income is subject to the kiddie tax must generally complete and file Form 8615, Tax for Certain Children Who Have Investment Income of More Than $1,900, along with his or her tax return. However, if the child's interest and dividend income (including capital gain distributions) total less than $9,500 for 2013 ($10,000 for 2014), the parent may be able to elect to include that income on the parent's return rather than file a separate return for the child. In this case, the parents should complete Form 8814, Parents Election To Report Child's Interest and Dividends. However, the IRS cautions that the federal income tax owed on a child's income may be lower if the parent files a separate tax return for the child, which would enable him or her to take certain tax benefits that cannot be taken on the parents' return.

Divorced, separated, or unmarried parents

The kiddie tax is based on a parent's tax return, but what happens when parents do not file joint returns? Several special rules determine what should happen. If the parents are married, but file separate returns, then the child should use the return of the parent with the largest taxable income to figure the kiddie tax.

If the parents are married, but do not live together, and the custodial parent is considered unmarried then generally the custodial parent's return would be used. However, if the custodial parent is not considered unmarried, the child should use the return of the parent with the largest amount of taxable income.

If the child's parents are divorced or legally separated, and the custodial parent has not remarried, the child should use the custodial parent's return. If the custodial parent has remarried, the child's stepparent, rather than the noncustodial parent, is treated as the child's other parent. Similarly, if the child's parent is a widow or widower who has remarried, the new spouse is treated as the child's other parent.

If the child's parents never married each other, but lived together all year, the child should use the return of the parent with the greater taxable income. If the parents were never married and did not live together all year, the rules are the same as the rules for parents who are divorced.

Calculating the kiddie tax can become confusing as a taxpayer attempts to sort through the numerous rules governing who is subject to the tax, which income is subject to the tax, and how to report it properly. Please do not hesitate to contact our offices with any questions.

The IRS has issued much-anticipated final "repair" regulations that provide guidance on the treatment of costs to acquire, produce or improve tangible property. These regulations take effect January 1, 2014. They affect virtually any business with tangible assets. The IRS has estimated that about 4 million businesses must comply.

The IRS has issued much-anticipated final "repair" regulations that provide guidance on the treatment of costs to acquire, produce or improve tangible property. These regulations take effect January 1, 2014. They affect virtually any business with tangible assets. The IRS has estimated that about 4 million businesses must comply.

At a length of over 200 pages, the regulations remain complex. Taxpayers will need to devote significant time and effort to study these regulations and to address their impact on their tax accounting. Taxpayers must decide whether they can deduct costs as repairs and maintenance or must capitalize the costs and recover their costs over a period of years. Every business, especially those with significant fixed assets, must develop an understanding of the regulations and their requirements.

Effective dates, decisions and opportunities

The final regulations retain the basic structure of the temporary and proposed regulations issued in December 2011 (the 2011 regulations). The IRS is not expected to delay these effective dates, since taxpayers were informed of the impending changes in many of the rules almost two years ago. Moreover, taxpayers will have the decision of whether to apply the regulations (either the temporary or the final) to the 2012 or 2013 tax years.

The IRS must provide additional guidance for taxpayers to change their methods of accounting to elect to apply either set of regulations retroactively and to comply with the 2014 effective date. Some accounting method changes will require taxpayers to make adjustments under Code Sec. 481(a), in effect, applying the regulations to past years and calculating the impact on income.

The final regulations make significant changes that can benefit most taxpayers if applied correctly. The changes include new and revised safe harbors, as well as new relief provisions for small business. The regulations will provide simplification and reduce controversy by allowing taxpayers to follow their financial accounting ("book") policies in some areas.

The IRS did not finalize every portion of the 2011 regulations. To address some problems with the temporary regulations on the disposition of depreciable property, the IRS issued new proposed regulations that ease the requirements for taxpayers to deduct the cost of building components that they replace.

Significant provisions in the final regulations include the following:

Materials and supplies - The threshold for deducting materials and supplies was increased from $100 to $200 and generally applies to items expected to be consumed in 12 months or less, or that have an economically useful life of 12 months or less.

De minimis safe harbor - The final regulations eliminate a controversial ceiling on the use of this safe harbor. Taxpayers with applicable financial statements can apply the safe harbor to an item that is $5,000 or less. The regulations extend the safe harbor to taxpayers without a financial statement, but only for property that costs $500 or less. Taxpayers must have written book policies in place at the beginning of the year to apply the safe harbor.

Routine maintenance and improvements - The final regulations retain controversial unit of property rules that apply the rules for real property to eight separate building systems. However, the rules do extend the routine maintenance safe harbor to real property and provide a new safe harbor for small taxpayers. The safe harbor for real property limits the period for recurring maintenance to 10 years, which many practitioners believe is too short.

Capitalization election - The final regulations allow taxpayers to capitalize repair and maintenance costs if these costs are capitalized for financial accounting purposes. This provides significant simplification over the temporary regulations, although the tax impact is contrary to what taxpayers normally want.

If you have any questions regarding the compliance obligations that your business now must face, and the opportunities that many of these new rules present, please do not hesitate to call this office.

The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in June to strike down Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) (E.S. Windsor, 2013-2 ustc ¶50,400) generated many questions about federal taxes and same-sex couples. The IRS has responded with a general rule recognizing same-sex marriages nationwide. The agency also promised that more guidance will be released before the start of the 2014 filing season.

The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in June to strike down Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) (E.S. Windsor, 2013-2 ustc ¶50,400) generated many questions about federal taxes and same-sex couples. The IRS has responded with a general rule recognizing same-sex marriages nationwide. The agency also promised that more guidance will be released before the start of the 2014 filing season.

Place of celebration approach

Section 3 of DOMA prevented the IRS (and all federal agencies) from recognizing same-sex married couples as married. After the Supreme Court struck down Section 3 of DOMA, the IRS had an important decision to make. The IRS could recognize all same-sex marriages regardless of where the couple resided. Alternatively, the IRS could only recognize the marriages of couples who reside in states that recognize same-sex marriage.

The IRS chose the first approach, which is known as "place of celebration" approach. All legally married same-sex couples will be treated as married for all federal tax purposes, including income and gift and estate taxes, regardless of whether a couple resides in a jurisdiction that recognizes same-sex marriage or in a jurisdiction that does not recognize same-sex marriage. This means that a couple who marry in a state (or other jurisdiction) that recognizes same-sex marriage and subsequently move to a state that does not recognize same-sex marriage will continue to be treated as married for all federal tax purposes.

The IRS had an important historical precedent that lead to its choosing place of celebration over place of residence. The IRS has taken a place of celebration approach to common law marriages for over 50 years.

Tax returns

For 2013 returns filed in 2014, legally married same-sex couples must file as married filing jointly or married filing separately. The rules for 2012 and prior years are not as simple.

The IRS imposed a deadline of September 16, 2013 for married same-sex couples, who had yet to file an original return for 2012, to file as single or as married. For 2011 and earlier, same-sex spouses who filed their tax returns timely may choose (but are not required) to amend their federal tax return filing status. They may amend their prior-year returns using either married filing separately or jointly filing status, provided the period of limitations for amending the return has not expired. If you have any questions about filing an amended return, please contact our office.

Employee benefits

Because of DOMA, taxpayers may have paid taxes on the fair market value of employer-provided health care coverage for their same-sex spouse. The IRS will allow the employee to file an amended return for open tax years reflecting his or her status as a married individual to recover federal income tax paid on the value of health coverage of the employee's spouse. The IRS also instructed certain sponsors of some employee benefit plans to treat same-sex spouses as spouses.

Employment taxes

The IRS has provided two optional alternative special administrative procedures for employers to use to correct overpayments of employment taxes. Under the first alternative, employers may use the fourth quarter 2013 Form 941, Employer's Quarterly Federal Tax Return, to correct these overpayments of employment taxes for the first three quarters of 2013. Under the second alternative, employers may file one Form 941-X, Adjusted Employer's Quarterly Federal Tax Return or Claim for Refund, for the fourth quarter of 2013 to correct these overpayments of FICA taxes for all quarters of 2013. Please contact our office for more details about these optional procedures.

Domestic partners

There is one very important distinction that the IRS has made in its guidance for same-sex couples. The IRS is not recognizing registered domestic partners, individuals in a civil union, or similar relationships as married. Registered domestic partners may not file as married filing jointly or married filing separately because the individuals are not married or spouses for federal tax purposes

Looking ahead

The IRS will likely begin accepting 2013 returns for processing in mid- to late January 2014. Some same-sex couples may find their filing more complicated despite the demise of DOMA. States that do not recognize same-sex marriage will presumably not allow these couples to file their state returns (if required) as married. The IRS is also expected to issue more guidance on particular areas of the tax law, such as estate and gift taxes, retirement plans and more. Our office will keep you posted of developments.

Please contact our office if you have any questions about the IRS's guidance for same-sex couples.

The end of the 2009 year will also spell the end of many tax breaks for both individuals and businesses. Some of these tax breaks are "temporary" credits and deductions that Congress typically extends for another year or two at the last moment. Other sunsetting provisions are relatively new, with no previous track record on their being extended. In either case, however, the unfamiliar economic climate in which our nation finds itself makes predicting whether Congress will find the funding necessary to extend any particular tax break this time around, beyond 2009, a matter of guesswork. The following is a list of important tax breaks expiring at the end of 2009.

A word to the wise: if you can take advantage of any tax break on this list before 2009 closes, do so. At this point, you cannot -and should not-- count on having any of them available in 2010.

Homebuyer tax credit. The first-time homebuyer tax credit expires sooner rather than later in 2009. That is, the credit expires November 30 - the credit provision requires that the residence be "purchased" by November 30, with "purchase" defined as taking place when title passes and the full purchase price is paid (that is, at the "closing") and not earlier when the contract of sale is executed and a down payment is escrowed. The credit is equal to 10 percent of the purchase price of a principal residence, up to $8,000. It applies to homes purchased after December 31, 2008, and before December 1, 2009.

Itemized state and local sales tax deduction. The ability to deduct state and local sales taxes in lieu of state and local income taxes is available until December 31, 2009, when the itemized state and local sales tax deduction expires.

Higher education tuition deduction. The higher education tuition deduction, permitting taxpayers to take an above-the-line deduction for qualified tuition and related expenses, will expire this year. The maximum deductible amount is $4,000 for taxpayers with adjusted gross income not exceeding $65,000 ($130,000 for joint filers). Taxpayers whose income exceeds that limit but does not exceed $80,000 ($160,000 for joint filers) may deduct up to $2,000 in qualified expenses.

Additional standard deduction for real property taxes. If you claim the standard deduction and also have real estate taxes, you can take an increased deduction ($500 for individuals and $1,000 for married couples filing jointly) for your real estate taxes. This tax break is scheduled to expire at the end of 2009.

Teachers' classroom expense deduction. The $250 above-the-line deduction for qualified classroom expenses will expire at the end of 2009. The deduction benefits teachers and other educators, from teachers' aides to school principals, who used their own out-of-pocket money to purchase qualified classroom supplies, such as notebooks, scissors, paper, pens, markers and books. As an above-the-line deduction, the $250 tax break is available to non-itemizers as well.

Bonus depreciation. For businesses, bonus depreciation and enhanced "section 179 expensing," both designed to - temporarily - encourage business to make capital investments, are set to expire at the end of 2009. Bonus depreciation can be claimed for both regular tax and alternative minimum tax (AMT) liability unless the taxpayer makes an election out.

Enhanced Code Sec. 179 expensing. Enhanced "section 179 expensing," is set to expire at the end of 2009 in addition to bonus depreciation, as mentioned above. Qualified taxpayers may deduct up to $250,000 of the cost of machinery, equipment, vehicles, furniture, and other qualifying property placed in service during 2009. The $250,000 amount is reduced if the cost of all Code Sec. 179 property placed in service by the taxpayer during the tax year exceeds $800,000.

Research and development credit. The research and development, or R&D credit, is set to expire at the end of 2009. The credit is available for businesses that increase their research expenses. The credit is 14 percent of qualified research expenses that exceed 50 percent of the average qualified research expenses for the three preceding tax years.

COBRA subsidy. The COBRA premium assistance provided as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (2009 Recovery Act) will not benefit individual involuntarily terminated from employment after December 31, 2009. The COBRA subsidy is only available to individuals involuntarily terminated from work between September 1, 2008 and December 31, 2009 The COBRA subsidy under the 2009 Recovery Act provides for individuals to pay only 35 percent of their COBRA premiums with employers paying the remaining 65 percent, for nine months.

Unemployment compensation. Although unemployment compensation is typically taxable income, the 2009 tax year provides a respite from taxability for up to $2,400 of unemployment income. However, the exclusion from taxable income for unemployment compensation is only available for 2009, and will expire at the end of the year unless Congress acts to extend this benefit.

Motor vehicle sales tax deduction. The deduction for sales tax paid on the purchase a new motor vehicle is available for vehicles purchased between February 17, 2009 and December 31, 2009. Taxpayers can deduct state and local sales and use taxes paid on the first $49,500 of the purchase price of the vehicle. The deduction can be taken whether or not the taxpayer itemizes deductions. However, if you deduct state and local general sales taxes as an itemized deduction, you cannot "double dip" and take the deduction for new car sales taxes.

AMT exemption amounts. For 2009, the AMT exemption amounts increased to $46,700 for individuals and $70,950 for married taxpayers filing jointly. However, these exemption amounts will decrease in 2010 to $33,750 for single taxpayers and $45,000 married taxpayers filing jointly.